Hearing loss A
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Genetic factors cause
more than 50 percent of all hearing loss in children, whether present at birth
or developed later in life.
Definition
Hearing loss exists when
there is diminished ability to the sounds usually being heard. The terms
hearing loss means not able to hear sound in the speech frequencies. The
severity of a hearing loss is categorized according to the increase in the
intensity of sound above the normal levels that are needed so that the listener
can hear it.
Deafness is as a loss of hearing in a
person who is unable to understand speech even in with amplification. In profound
deafness, even the highest intensity sounds produced by an instrument used to
measure hearing by producing pure tone sounds cannot be detected.
Total deafness is when
there are no sounds at all. Hearing loss, (1998).
Speech perception = another aspect of
hearing that involves the listener's clarity of a word rather than the
intensity of the sound made by the word. We can measure this by tests of speech
discrimination. The Tests measure the
child's ability to understand speech, not to only to detect sounds. Schaefer
(2012)
Deafness affects 1 per 1000 children and
about fifty percent of childhood hearing loss in the USA. Hearing Loss
attributed to genetic factors. The Causes of Hearing Loss are genetic and are
due to changes in the genes that are involved in the hearing process.
Hearing loss = this is the most common
type of genetic congenital hearing loss - autosomal
Sometimes, hearing loss
is due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is, for
example, a genetic change that makes some people more likely to develop hearing
loss after taking certain antibiotic medications Nightengale (2017)
Some hearing loss is genetic. There are
hereditary causes called gene mutations. Hereditary hearing loss causing hearing
impairment include Otosclerosis, Usher's syndrome, and Pendred syndrome.
Research shows that eighty percent of prelingual deafness is genetic, the most
common being, autosomal recessive and nonsyndromic. One of the major causes of
severe to profound autosomal is genetic the recessive disorder =non syndromic
hearing loss in most populations is a mutation disorder. Pollack (2018).
The most common cause of congenital
hearing loss=
The Genetic factors that might cause
congenital hearing loss include autosomal recessive genes.
-Fifty percent of hearing loss in little
ones is due to genetic causes. There are also several things in the environment
that can cause hearing loss.
-Environmental causes can
be mother’s infection during pregnancy and complications after birth. Sometimes
both genes and environment work together to cause hearing loss. Some medicines can cause hearing loss, but
only in people who have certain mutations in their genes. Krof (2000)
Genes are what hold the instructions
that tell the cells of how to grow and work. Genes are involved in hearing
development. When a gene does not form correctly, this is called a
mutation. Some mutations run in
families, and others do not. If more than one person in a family has hearing
loss, this is a red flag for the rest of the family. Schaefer (2012)
Seventy percent of all mutations that
cause hearing loss are non-syndromic. This means that the person does not have
any other symptoms. The rest thirty percent of the mutations causing hearing
loss are syndromic. Syndromic is when a person has other symptoms besides
hearing loss. An example of this would
be that a child with hearing loss can also be blind. Nightengale (2017)
The cochlea is the part of the ear that
changes sounds in the air into nerve signals to the brain is a very complex and
specialized part of the body that needs many instructions to guide its
development and function. The instructions come from genes. Changes in any one
of these genes can result in hearing loss. The GJB2 gene is one of the genes
that contain the instructions for a protein called connexin 26. It is this
protein that will play an important role in the functioning of the cochlea.
Pollack (2018)
Causes of childhood
hearing loss=
.Hearing loss in children can also be
conductive, sensorineural, or mixed. It's important for the parents and the
teachers, know the signs of and addresses hearing loss in children. Early
hearing loss - especially that which is undiagnosed - can cause significant
development and emotional problems for children that have long-lasting effects.
Halliday (2017)
Congenital hearing loss=
Congenital hearing loss means it was
present in an infant at birth. There are various causes of congenital hearing
loss, though they are not always easily identified. Genetic factors that might
cause congenital hearing loss include:
Autosomal recessive
hearing loss - This is the most common type of genetic congenital hearing loss
- autosomal recessive accounts for around seventy percent of all genetic
hearing loss cases.
Researchers have identified more than
thirty genes that, when they mutate, can cause no syndromic deafness.
Many genes related to deafness are
involved in the development and function of the inner ear. Mutations in these
genes result in hearing loss by interfering with critical steps in processing
sound.
Why is diagnostic
confirmation by an audiologist skilled in evaluating infants and young children
important?
Hearing loss can be
inherited. Around eighty percent of all these cases are inherited by recessive
genes. Twenty-five percent are inherited
by dominant genes. Korf (2000).
There are two different kinds to look at,
syndromic and no syndromic.
Syndromic deafness =when
there are other signs or medical problems aside from deafness in the
child. No syndromic deafness happens
when there are no other signs or medical problems associated with the child
beside the deafness. Blamey (2001)
We can use something called gene mapping to
identify this. Blamey (2001) .The most common recessive syndromic forms of
hearing loss are Pendred syndrome and Usher syndrome.
The congenital defect microbial,
deformed or unformed outer ear, can be associated with partial or complete
conductive deafness, depending upon the severity of the deformity and whether
the middle ear is also affected. It can also be associated with abnormalities
of the inner ear giving rise to an additional sensorineural component to the
hearing loss. Korf (2000)
How the disorder affects
the development of speech and language.
Hearing loss can affect a child's
development of speech and language skills. When a child has difficulty hearing,
the areas of the brain used for communication may not develop appropriately.
This makes understanding and talking very difficult. Hearing loss can be a
result of numerous factors or events. Delage (2007)
Children with listening difficulties due
to a hearing loss or auditory processing problems continue to be at risk for
developmental delays. A hearing loss
affects children in four major ways: It
causes a delay in the development of receptive and expressive communication
skills. Hilt (1998)
This is new to me and seems very important
to be aware of for the exceptional Ed teacher.
The earlier hearing loss occurs in a
child's life, the more serious the effects on the child's development. The
hearing loss can cause a delay in the development of receptive and expressive
communication skills. The language deficit causes learning problems that result
in reduced academic achievement. Nightengale (2017)
Hearing loss can affect personal and work
life. Hearing loss can affect a person in three main ways: fewer educational
and job opportunities due to impaired communication social withdrawal due to
reduced access to services and difficulties communicating with others. Delage
(2007)
How hearing loss affects
speech and language development
Speech perception –
Another aspect of hearing involves the perceived clarity of a word rather than
the intensity of the sound made by the word.
In humans, that aspect is usually measured by
tests of speech discrimination. These tests measure one's ability to understand
speech, not to merely detect sound. There are very rare types of hearing loss,
which affect speech discrimination alone. One example is auditory neuropathy, a
variety of hearing the loss in which the outer hair cells of the cochlea are
intact and functioning, but sound information is not faithfully transmitted to
the auditory nerve and brain properly. Pollack (2018)
Hearing loss can affect a child's
development of speech and language skills. When a child has difficulty hearing,
the areas of the brain used for communication may not develop appropriately.
This makes understanding and talking very difficult. Most hearing losses are identified through
screening at birth.
Children with listening difficulties due
to a hearing loss or auditory processing problems continue to be at risk for
developmental delays. The Loss of hearing effects children: / it delays in the
development of receptive and expressive communication skills.
All children are
different in how they develop. There are developmental stages that most
children follow. Hearing loss can affect how communication develops in many
ways. Hearing loss, (1998). Some of the important things as a teacher we need
to be aware of are-
Age at the identification
of the hearing loss
Family involvement and
support
Type and degree of
hearing loss
Age of amplification
Consistency of device use
Type of treatment (early
intervention, direct therapy, school-based therapy)
Cognitive and motor skill
level
Other medical conditions
Hilt, (1998).
Hearing loss is linked to genetic disorders and can affect speech and language development. The child's development and learning can be a problem in the classroom for the child. The earlier hearing loss occurs in a child's life, the more serious the effects on the child's development. It causes a delay in the development of receptive and expressive communication skills. This has a great impact on speech and language development.
The
language deficit causes learning problems that result in reduced academic
achievement. Teachers need to be aware of this so that they can correctly work
with children in speech and language development.
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